Feedback will be sent to Microsoft: By pressing the submit button, your feedback will be used to improve Microsoft products and services. Privacy policy. To retrieve information about logical processors and related hardware, including processor groups, use the GetLogicalProcessorInformationEx function. If the function fails, the contents of this buffer are undefined.
On input, specifies the length of the buffer pointed to by Buffer , in bytes. If the buffer is large enough to contain all of the data, this function succeeds and ReturnLength is set to the number of bytes returned. Services can be loaded using the System account, or credentials that are assigned to that service specifically - either during the service installation, or through the properties page for that service.
Some common services include the Spooler service which controls printing, the Server service which supports file, print and named-pipe sharing over the network and the DHCP client service which registers and updates IP addresses and DNS records. Now, let's take a look at Programs, Processes and Threads. One of our Escalation Engineers uses a very simple analogy for explaining the difference between these three terms:.
Think of a process as a room and a thread as a person in the room. Sorry this didn't help. Thanks for your feedback. Luigi A. Processor architecture refers to either x bit or x bit. This thread is locked. You can follow the question or vote as helpful, but you cannot reply to this thread. I have the same question Report abuse. Details required :. The scheduling algorithms as of Windows XP have been enhanced to make optimal use of multiprocessor hyperthreaded machines, such as by scheduling threads on an idle physical processor versus choosing an idle logical processor on a physical processor whose other logical processors are busy.
In non-uniform memory architecture NUMA systems, processors are grouped in smaller units called nodes. Each node has its own processors and memory and is connected to the larger system through a cache-coherent interconnect bus. Windows on a NUMA system still runs as an SMP system, in that all processors have access to all memory it's just that node-local memory is faster to reference than memory attached to other nodes.
The system attempts to improve performance by scheduling threads on processors that are in the same node as the memory being used.
It attempts to satisfy memory-allocation requests from within the node, but will allocate memory from other nodes if necessary. Although Windows was originally designed to support up to 32 processors, nothing inherent in the multiprocessor design limits the number of processors to 32 that number is simply an obvious and convenient limit because 32 processors can easily be represented as a bit mask using a native bit data type.
In fact, the bit versions of Windows support up to 64 processors, because the native size of a word on a bit machine is 64 bits. The actual number of supported processors depends on the edition of Windows being used. See tables and Keep in mind that tampering with that data is a violation of the software license and modifying the registry to allow use of more processors involves more than just changing this value. For performance reasons, there are separate uniprocessor and multiprocessor versions of the kernel and HAL and in the case of Windows , a few other key system files.
On Windows , six system files as explained in the following Note are different on a multiprocessor system than on a uniprocessor system; on bit Windows XP and Windows Server systems, only three are different. See Table Multiprocessor-Specific vs. Although this file exists in a folder named UNIPROC, implying that there is a uniprocessor version, in fact there is only one version of this image for both multiprocessor and uniprocessor systems.
Open the System properties either by selecting System from Control Panel or by right-clicking the My Computer icon on your desktop and selecting Properties. The reason for having uniprocessor versions of these key system files is performance multiprocessor synchronization is inherently more complex and time consuming than the use of a single processor, so by having special uniprocessor versions of the key system files, this overhead is avoided on uniprocessor systems which constitute the vast majority of systems running Windows.
Interestingly, although the uniprocessor and multiprocessor versions of Ntoskrnl are generated using conditionally compiled source code, the uniprocessor versions of Ntdll. The rest of the system files that make up Windows including all utilities, libraries, and device drivers have the same version on both uniprocessor and multiprocessor systems that is, they handle multiprocessor synchronization issues correctly.
You should use this approach on any software you build, whether it is a Windows application or a device driver keep multiprocessor synchronization issues in mind when you design your software, and test the software on both uniprocessor and multiprocessor systems.
However, an Event Log entry is written each time the system boots that does record the type of kernel image that loaded uniprocessor vs. You can also determine whether you installed the multiprocessor version of Ntoskrnl or Ntkrnlpa by examining the file properties: run Windows Explorer, right-click on Ntoskrnl. Then click on the Version tab, and select the Original Filename property if you're running the multiprocessor version, you'll see the following dialog box:.
One of the key issues with multiprocessor systems is scalability. To run correctly on an SMP system, operating system code must adhere to strict guidelines and rules. Resource contention and other performance issues are more complicated in multiprocessing systems than in uniprocessor systems and must be accounted for in the system's design. Windows incorporates several features that are crucial to its success as a multiprocessor operating system:. The ability to run operating system code on any available processor and on multiple processors at the same time.
Multiple threads of execution within a single process, each of which can execute simultaneously on different processors. Fine-grained synchronization within the kernel such as spinlocks, queued spinlocks, and pushlocks, described in Chapter 3 as well as within device drivers and server processes, which allows more components to run concurrently on multiple processors.
The scalability of the Windows kernel has evolved over time. For example, Windows Server has per-CPU scheduling queues, which permits thread scheduling decisions to occur in parallel on multiple machines. Multiprocessor thread scheduling details are covered in Chapter 6.
Further details on multiprocessor synchronization can be found in Chapter 3. Windows ships in both client and server retail packages. In Windows , the client version is called Windows Professional.
The latter three are supersets of Windows XP Professional and are not described in detail in this book because they are all built on the same core operating system as Windows XP Professional. The number of concurrent network connections supported For example, a maximum of 10 concurrent connections are allowed to the file and print services in the client version.
Layered services that come with Server editions that don't come with the Professional edition for example, directory services, clustering, and multiuser Terminal Services support. Table summarizes the differences in memory and processor support for Windows Although there are several client and server retail packages of the Windows operating system, they share a common set of core system files, including the kernel image, Ntoskrnl.
These files are identical for all editions of Windows
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